Case Sensitivity
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By default, Mac OSX preserves the case of filenames, but does not distinguish files on the basis of case. For example a file named
MyFile
is considered the same as myfile
and cannot exist in the same folder as it. Unfortunately, many other common filesystems behave differently and regard these files as different. In order to avoid unexpected results when syncing with other filesystems DropSync ignores differences on the basis of case. This means that if you sync with a case sensitive filesystem as the source and a case insensitive one as the destination only one of the two source files will be synced (both cannot exist at the destination). Importantly, when syncing in the opposite direction the alternate file (on the basis of case) will be ignored and therefore not subject to deletion. An additional complication is that it is not possible to use the ignore case mode for all SSH Folder Pairs because most remote hosts do not support it. If all this seems horribly complicated the best advice we can give is simply to avoid using case to distinguish files.
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Table of Contents
- Loaders
- Built-in Extensions
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License
Twig documentation is licensed under the new BSD license.
This chapter describes the API to Twig and not the template language. It willbe most useful as reference to those implementing the template interface tothe application and not those who are creating Twig templates.
Basics
Twig uses a central object called the environment (of class
TwigEnvironment
). Instances of this class are used to store theconfiguration and extensions, and are used to load templates.Most applications create one
TwigEnvironment
object on applicationinitialization and use that to load templates. In some cases, it might be usefulto have multiple environments side by side, with different configurations.The typical way to configure Twig to load templates for an application looksroughly like this:
This creates a template environment with a default configuration and a loaderthat looks up templates in the
/path/to/templates/
directory. Differentloaders are available and you can also write your own if you want to loadtemplates from a database or other resources.Note
Notice that the second argument of the environment is an array of options.The
cache
option is a compilation cache directory, where Twig cachesthe compiled templates to avoid the parsing phase for sub-sequentrequests. It is very different from the cache you might want to add forthe evaluated templates. For such a need, you can use any available PHPcache library.Rendering Templates
To load a template from a Twig environment, call the
load()
method whichreturns a TwigTemplateWrapper
instance:To render the template with some variables, call the
render()
method:Note
The
display()
method is a shortcut to output the rendered template.You can also load and render the template in one fell swoop:
If a template defines blocks, they can be rendered individually via the
renderBlock()
call:Environment Options
When creating a new
TwigEnvironment
instance, you can pass an array ofoptions as the constructor second argument:The following options are available:
debug
booleanWhen set totrue
, the generated templates have a__toString()
method that you can use to display the generated nodes(default tofalse
).charset
string (defaults toutf-8
)The charset used by the templates.cache
string orfalse
An absolute path where to store the compiled templates, orfalse
to disable caching (which is the default).auto_reload
booleanWhen developing with Twig, it's useful to recompile thetemplate whenever the source code changes. If you don't provide a value fortheauto_reload
option, it will be determined automatically based on thedebug
value.strict_variables
booleanIf set tofalse
, Twig will silently ignore invalidvariables (variables and or attributes/methods that do not exist) andreplace them with anull
value. When set totrue
, Twig throws anexception instead (default tofalse
).autoescape
string Adobe indesign cs3 worldready plugin.Sets the default auto-escaping strategy (name
,html
,js
,css
,url
,html_attr
, or a PHP callback that takes the template 'filename'and returns the escaping strategy to use -- the callback cannot be a functionname to avoid collision with built-in escaping strategies); set it tofalse
to disable auto-escaping. Thename
escaping strategy determinesthe escaping strategy to use for a template based on the template filenameextension (this strategy does not incur any overhead at runtime asauto-escaping is done at compilation time.)optimizations
integerA flag that indicates which optimizations to apply(default to-1
-- all optimizations are enabled; set it to0
todisable).
Loaders
Loaders are responsible for loading templates from a resource such as the filesystem.
Compilation Cache
All template loaders can cache the compiled templates on the filesystem forfuture reuse. It speeds up Twig a lot as templates are only compiled once.
Built-in Loaders
Here is a list of the built-in loaders:
TwigLoaderFilesystemLoader
TwigLoaderFilesystemLoader
loads templates from the file system. This loadercan find templates in folders on the file system and is the preferred way toload them:It can also look for templates in an array of directories:
With such a configuration, Twig will first look for templates in
$templateDir1
and if they do not exist, it will fallback to look for themin the $templateDir2
.You can add or prepend paths via the
addPath()
and prependPath()
methods:The filesystem loader also supports namespaced templates. This allows to groupyour templates under different namespaces which have their own template paths.
When using the
setPaths()
, addPath()
, and prependPath()
methods,specify the namespace as the second argument (when not specified, thesemethods act on the 'main' namespace):Namespaced templates can be accessed via the special
@namespace_name/template_path
notation:TwigLoaderFilesystemLoader
support absolute and relative paths. Using relativepaths is preferred as it makes the cache keys independent of the project rootdirectory (for instance, it allows warming the cache from a build server wherethe directory might be different from the one used on production servers):Note
When not passing the root path as a second argument, Twig uses
getcwd()
for relative paths.TwigLoaderArrayLoader
TwigLoaderArrayLoader
loads a template from a PHP array. It is passed anarray of strings bound to template names:This loader is very useful for unit testing. It can also be used for smallprojects where storing all templates in a single PHP file might make sense.
Tip
When using the
Array
loader with a cache mechanism, you should know thata new cache key is generated each time a template content 'changes' (thecache key being the source code of the template). If you don't want to seeyour cache grows out of control, you need to take care of clearing the oldcache file by yourself.TwigLoaderChainLoader
TwigLoaderChainLoader
delegates the loading of templates to other loaders:When looking for a template, Twig tries each loader in turn and returns as soonas the template is found. When rendering the
index.html
template from theabove example, Twig will load it with $loader2
but the base.html
template will be loaded from $loader1
.Note
You can also add loaders via the
addLoader()
method.Create your own Loader
All loaders implement the
TwigLoaderLoaderInterface
:The
isFresh()
method must return true
if the current cached templateis still fresh, given the last modification time, or false
otherwise.The
getSourceContext()
method must return an instance of TwigSource
.Using Extensions
Twig extensions are packages that add new features to Twig. Register anextension via the
addExtension()
method:Twig comes bundled with the following extensions:
- TwigExtensionCoreExtension: Defines all the core features of Twig.
- TwigExtensionDebugExtension: Defines the
dump
function to help debugtemplate variables. - TwigExtensionEscaperExtension: Adds automatic output-escaping and thepossibility to escape/unescape blocks of code.
- TwigExtensionSandboxExtension: Adds a sandbox mode to the default Twigenvironment, making it safe to evaluate untrusted code.
- TwigExtensionProfilerExtension: Enables the built-in Twig profiler.
- TwigExtensionOptimizerExtension: Optimizes the node tree beforecompilation.
- TwigExtensionStringLoaderExtension: Defines the
template_from_string
- function to allow loading templates from string in a template.
- TwigExtensionStringLoaderExtension: Defines the
The Core, Escaper, and Optimizer extensions are registered by default.
Built-in Extensions
This section describes the features added by the built-in extensions.
Tip
Read the chapter about extending Twig to learn how tocreate your own extensions.
Core Extension
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The
core
extension defines all the core features of Twig:- Tags;
- Filters;
- Functions;
- Tests.
Escaper Extension
The
escaper
extension adds automatic output escaping to Twig. It defines atag, autoescape
, and a filter, raw
.When creating the escaper extension, you can switch on or off the globaloutput escaping strategy:
If set to
html
, all variables in templates are escaped (using the html
escaping strategy), except those using the raw
filter:You can also change the escaping mode locally by using the
autoescape
tag:Warning
The
autoescape
tag has no effect on included files.The escaping rules are implemented as follows:
- Literals (integers, booleans, arrays, ..) used in the template directly asvariables or filter arguments are never automatically escaped:
- Expressions which the result is a literal or a variable marked safeare never automatically escaped:
- Objects with a
__toString
method are converted to strings andescaped. You can mark some classes and/or interfaces as being safe for somestrategies viaEscaperExtension::addSafeClass()
: - Escaping is applied before printing, after any other filter is applied:
- The `raw` filter should only be used at the end of the filter chain:
- Automatic escaping is not applied if the last filter in the chain is markedsafe for the current context (e.g.
html
orjs
).escape
andescape('html')
are marked safe for HTML,escape('js')
is markedsafe for JavaScript,raw
is marked safe for everything.
Note
Note that autoescaping has some limitations as escaping is applied onexpressions after evaluation. For instance, when working withconcatenation,
{{ foo|raw ~ bar }}
won't give the expected result asescaping is applied on the result of the concatenation, not on theindividual variables (so, the raw
filter won't have any effect here).Sandbox Extension
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The
sandbox
extension can be used to evaluate untrusted code. Access tounsafe attributes and methods is prohibited. The sandbox security is managedby a policy instance. By default, Twig comes with one policy class:TwigSandboxSecurityPolicy
. This class allows you to white-list sometags, filters, properties, and methods:With the previous configuration, the security policy will only allow usage ofthe
if
tag, and the upper
filter. Moreover, the templates will only beable to call the getTitle()
and getBody()
methods on Article
objects, and the title
and body
public properties. Everything elsewon't be allowed and will generate a TwigSandboxSecurityError
exception.The policy object is the first argument of the sandbox constructor: Teamextreme minecraft launcher 3.5.1 download.
By default, the sandbox mode is disabled and should be enabled when includinguntrusted template code by using the
sandbox
tag:You can sandbox all templates by passing
true
as the second argument ofthe extension constructor:Profiler Extension
The
profiler
extension enables a profiler for Twig templates; it shouldonly be used on your development machines as it adds some overhead:A profile contains information about time and memory consumption for template,block, and macro executions.
You can also dump the data in a Blackfire.iocompatible format:
Upload the profile to visualize it (create a free accountfirst):
Optimizer Extension
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The
optimizer
extension optimizes the node tree before compilation:By default, all optimizations are turned on. You can select the ones you wantto enable by passing them to the constructor:
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Twig supports the following optimizations:
TwigNodeVisitorOptimizerNodeVisitor::OPTIMIZE_ALL
, enables all optimizations(this is the default value).TwigNodeVisitorOptimizerNodeVisitor::OPTIMIZE_NONE
, disables all optimizations.This reduces the compilation time, but it can increase the execution timeand the consumed memory.TwigNodeVisitorOptimizerNodeVisitor::OPTIMIZE_FOR
, optimizes thefor
tag byremoving theloop
variable creation whenever possible.TwigNodeVisitorOptimizerNodeVisitor::OPTIMIZE_RAW_FILTER
, removes theraw
filter whenever possible.TwigNodeVisitorOptimizerNodeVisitor::OPTIMIZE_VAR_ACCESS
, simplifies the creationand access of variables in the compiled templates whenever possible.
Exceptions
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Twig can throw exceptions:
TwigErrorError
: The base exception for all errors.TwigErrorSyntaxError
: Thrown to tell the user that there is a problem withthe template syntax.TwigErrorRuntimeError
: Thrown when an error occurs at runtime (when a filterdoes not exist for instance).TwigErrorLoaderError
: Thrown when an error occurs during template loading.TwigSandboxSecurityError
: Thrown when an unallowed tag, filter, ormethod is called in a sandboxed template.